Tradition
Secular / Skeptic
Era · Antiquity — present (modern form: 17th-c. Enlightenment onward)Region · Global
A non-religious stance that grounds claims in evidence and reason, holds beliefs proportional to that evidence, and is willing to suspend conclusion where the data is insufficient.
Core beliefs
- 01Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
- 02Methodological naturalism: explanations sought within nature.
- 03Falsifiability as a hallmark of meaningful claims.
- 04Ethics grounded in human flourishing, not metaphysical decree.
Practices
- Critical thinking
- Bayesian updating
- Steel-manning opposing views
- Tolerance of uncertainty
Key figures
- · David Hume
- · Bertrand Russell
- · Carl Sagan
- · Richard Feynman
- · Daniel Dennett
Bridges to other traditions
- Apatheia (Stoic) ↔ equanimity ↔ scientific detachment
- Falsifiability ↔ neti neti ('not this, not that')
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